add optimizations

compiler/ast.ts

@@ -21,20 +21,23 @@ export type StmtKind =
     | { type: "mod"; ident: string; mod: Mod }
     | { type: "break"; expr?: Expr }
     | { type: "return"; expr?: Expr }
-    | {
+    | FnStmtKind
-        type: "fn";
-        ident: string;
-        genericParams?: GenericParam[];
-        params: Param[];
-        returnType?: EType;
-        body: Expr;
-        vtype?: VType;
-    }
     | { type: "let"; param: Param; value: Expr }
     | { type: "type_alias"; param: Param }
     | { type: "assign"; assignType: AssignType; subject: Expr; value: Expr }
     | { type: "expr"; expr: Expr };
 
+export type FnStmtKind = {
+    type: "fn";
+    ident: string;
+    genericParams?: GenericParam[];
+    params: Param[];
+    returnType?: EType;
+    body: Expr;
+    sym?: Sym;
+    vtype?: VType;
+};
+
 export type AssignType = "=" | "+=" | "-=";
 
 export type StmtDetails = {
@@ -116,11 +119,13 @@ export type Param = {
     ident: string;
     etype?: EType;
     pos: Pos;
+    sym?: Sym;
     vtype?: VType;
 };
 
 export type Sym = {
     ident: string;
+    fullPath: string;
     pos?: Pos;
 } & SymKind;
 

compiler/checker.ts

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ export class Checker {
                     }
                     const vtype = this.checkEType(param.etype!);
                     param.vtype = vtype;
-                    params.push({ ident: param.ident, vtype });
+                    params.push({ ident: param.ident, mut: true, vtype });
                 }
                 const returnType: VType = stmt.kind.returnType
                     ? this.checkEType(stmt.kind.returnType)
@@ -426,7 +426,11 @@ export class Checker {
             throw new Error();
         }
         const fields: VTypeParam[] = expr.kind.fields
-            .map(({ ident, expr }) => ({ ident, vtype: this.checkExpr(expr) }));
+            .map(({ ident, expr }): VTypeParam => ({
+                ident,
+                mut: true,
+                vtype: this.checkExpr(expr),
+            }));
         return { type: "struct", fields };
     }
 
@@ -489,6 +493,9 @@ export class Checker {
                 );
             }
             const args = expr.kind.args.map((arg) => this.checkExpr(arg));
+            if (args.some((arg) => arg.type === "error")) {
+                return { type: "error" };
+            }
             if (subject.genericParams === undefined) {
                 return this.checkCallExprNoGenericsTail(
                     expr,
@@ -1023,10 +1030,12 @@ export class Checker {
                 this.report(`field ${declaredTwiceTest[2]} defined twice`, pos);
                 return { type: "error" };
             }
-            const fields = etype.kind.fields.map((param): VTypeParam => ({
+            const fields = etype.kind.fields
-                ident: param.ident,
+                .map((param): VTypeParam => ({
-                vtype: this.checkEType(param.etype!),
+                    ident: param.ident,
-            }));
+                    mut: true,
+                    vtype: this.checkEType(param.etype!),
+                }));
             return { type: "struct", fields };
         }
         if (etype.kind.type === "type_of") {

compiler/compiler.ts

@@ -12,10 +12,16 @@ import { Resolver } from "./resolver.ts";
 import { AstVisitor, VisitRes, visitStmts } from "./ast_visitor.ts";
 import { Pos } from "./token.ts";
 import { ArrayLiteralDesugarer } from "./desugar/array_literal.ts";
+import { mirOpCount, printMir } from "./middle/mir.ts";
 
 import * as path from "jsr:@std/path";
-import { AstLowerer } from "./middle/lower_ast.ts";
+import { lowerAst } from "./middle/lower_ast.ts";
-import { printMir } from "./middle/mir.ts";
+import { eliminateUnusedLocals } from "./middle/elim_unused_local.ts";
+import {
+    eliminateOnlyChildsBlocks,
+    eliminateUnreachableBlocks,
+} from "./middle/elim_blocks.ts";
+import { eliminateTransientVals } from "./middle/elim_transient_vals.ts";
 
 export type CompileResult = {
     program: number[];
@@ -47,8 +53,28 @@ export class Compiler {
 
         new Checker(this.reporter).check(ast);
 
-        const mir = new AstLowerer(ast).lower();
+        const mir = lowerAst(ast);
 
+        console.log("Before optimizations:");
+        printMir(mir);
+
+        const mirHistory = [mirOpCount(mir)];
+        for (let i = 0; i < 1; ++i) {
+            eliminateUnusedLocals(mir, this.reporter, mirHistory.length === 1);
+            eliminateOnlyChildsBlocks(mir);
+            eliminateUnreachableBlocks(mir);
+            eliminateTransientVals(mir);
+
+            const opCount = mirOpCount(mir);
+            const histOccurence = mirHistory
+                .filter((v) => v === opCount).length;
+            if (histOccurence >= 2) {
+                break;
+            }
+            mirHistory.push(opCount);
+        }
+
+        console.log("After optimizations:");
         printMir(mir);
 
         if (this.reporter.errorOccured()) {

compiler/info.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Pos } from "./token.ts";
 
 export type Report = {
-    type: "error" | "note";
+    type: "error" | "warning" | "note";
     reporter: string;
     pos?: Pos;
     msg: string;
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ export class Reporter {
         this.errorSet = true;
     }
 
+    public reportWarning(report: Omit<Report, "type">) {
+        this.reports.push({ ...report, type: "warning" });
+        this.printReport({ ...report, type: "warning" });
+    }
+
     private printReport({ reporter, type, pos, msg }: Report) {
         console.error(
             `${reporter} ${type}: ${msg}${

compiler/middle/cfg.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { Block, BlockId, Fn, Mir } from "./mir.ts";
+
+export function createCfg(fn: Fn): Cfg {
+    return new CfgBuilder(fn).build();
+}
+
+export class Cfg {
+    public constructor(
+        private graph: Map<BlockId, CfgNode>,
+        private entry: BlockId,
+        private exit: BlockId,
+    ) {}
+
+    public parents(block: Block): Block[] {
+        return this.graph
+            .get(block.id)!.parents
+            .map((id) => this.graph.get(id)!.block);
+    }
+
+    public children(block: Block): Block[] {
+        return this.graph
+            .get(block.id)!.children
+            .map((id) => this.graph.get(id)!.block);
+    }
+
+    public index(block: Block): number {
+        return this.graph.get(block.id)!.index;
+    }
+
+    public print() {
+        for (const [id, node] of this.graph.entries()) {
+            const l = <T>(v: T[]) => v.map((v) => `${v}`).join(", ");
+
+            console.log(`graph[${id}] = {`);
+            console.log(`    id: ${node.block.id},`);
+            console.log(`    index: ${node.index},`);
+            console.log(`    parents: [${l(node.parents)}],`);
+            console.log(`    children: [${l(node.children)}],`);
+            console.log(`}`);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type CfgNode = {
+    block: Block;
+    index: number;
+    parents: BlockId[];
+    children: BlockId[];
+};
+
+class CfgBuilder {
+    private nodes: [Block, number][] = [];
+    private edges: [BlockId, BlockId][] = [];
+
+    public constructor(private fn: Fn) {}
+
+    public build(): Cfg {
+        for (
+            const [block, index] of this.fn.blocks
+                .map((v, i) => [v, i] as const)
+        ) {
+            this.addNode(block, index);
+
+            const tk = block.ter.kind;
+            switch (tk.type) {
+                case "error":
+                    break;
+                case "return":
+                    break;
+                case "jump":
+                    this.addEdge(block.id, tk.target);
+                    break;
+                case "if":
+                    this.addEdge(block.id, tk.truthy);
+                    this.addEdge(block.id, tk.falsy);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const graph = new Map<BlockId, CfgNode>();
+        for (const [block, index] of this.nodes) {
+            const parents = this.edges
+                .filter(([_from, to]) => to === block.id)
+                .map(([from, _to]) => from);
+
+            const children = this.edges
+                .filter(([from, _to]) => from === block.id)
+                .map(([_from, to]) => to);
+
+            graph.set(block.id, { block, index, parents, children });
+        }
+
+        return new Cfg(graph, this.fn.entry, this.fn.exit);
+    }
+
+    private addNode(block: Block, index: number) {
+        this.nodes.push([block, index]);
+    }
+
+    private addEdge(from: BlockId, to: BlockId) {
+        this.edges.push([from, to]);
+    }
+}

compiler/middle/elim_blocks.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { createCfg } from "./cfg.ts";
+import { Block, Mir } from "./mir.ts";
+
+export function eliminateOnlyChildsBlocks(mir: Mir) {
+    for (const fn of mir.fns) {
+        const cfg = createCfg(fn);
+
+        const candidates: { parent: Block; child: Block }[] = [];
+
+        for (const block of fn.blocks) {
+            const children = cfg.children(block);
+            if (children.length !== 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (cfg.parents(children[0]).length !== 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            candidates.push({ parent: block, child: children[0] });
+        }
+
+        const elimIndices: number[] = [];
+
+        for (const { parent, child } of candidates) {
+            parent.ops.push(...child.ops);
+            parent.ter = child.ter;
+            elimIndices.push(cfg.index(child));
+        }
+
+        for (const i of elimIndices.toReversed()) {
+            fn.blocks.splice(i, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+export function eliminateUnreachableBlocks(mir: Mir) {
+    for (const fn of mir.fns) {
+        const cfg = createCfg(fn);
+
+        const candidates: Block[] = [];
+
+        for (const block of fn.blocks) {
+            if (block.id === fn.entry) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (cfg.parents(block).length !== 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            candidates.push(block);
+        }
+
+        for (
+            const i of candidates
+                .map((block) => cfg.index(block))
+                .toReversed()
+        ) {
+            fn.blocks.splice(i, 1);
+        }
+    }
+}

compiler/middle/elim_transient_locals.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { FnStmtKind } from "../ast.ts";
+import {
+    Block,
+    Fn,
+    Local,
+    LocalId,
+    Mir,
+    replaceBlockSrcs,
+    RValue,
+} from "./mir.ts";
+
+export function eliminateTransientLocals(mir: Mir) {
+    for (const fn of mir.fns) {
+        const otherLocals = fn.locals
+            .slice(1 + (fn.stmt.kind as FnStmtKind).params.length)
+            .map((local) => local.id);
+
+        for (const block of fn.blocks) {
+            new EliminateTransientLocalsBlockPass(block, otherLocals)
+                .pass();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type Candidate = {
+    dst: LocalId;
+    src: LocalId;
+};
+
+class EliminateTransientLocalsBlockPass {
+    private candidates: Candidate[] = [];
+
+    public constructor(
+        private block: Block,
+        private readonly locals: LocalId[],
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public pass() {
+        this.findCandidatesInBlock(this.block);
+
+        this.candidates = this.candidates
+            .filter((cand) => this.locals.includes(cand.dst));
+
+        this.eliminateCandidatesInBlock(this.block);
+    }
+
+    private eliminateCandidatesInBlock(block: Block) {
+        replaceBlockSrcs(block, (src) => this.replaceMaybe(src));
+    }
+
+    private replaceMaybe(src: RValue): RValue {
+        if (src.type !== "local") {
+            return src;
+        }
+        const candidate = this.candidates
+            .find((cand) => cand.dst === src.id)?.src;
+        return candidate !== undefined ? { type: "local", id: candidate } : src;
+    }
+
+    private findCandidatesInBlock(block: Block) {
+        for (const op of block.ops) {
+            const ok = op.kind;
+            switch (ok.type) {
+                case "error":
+                    break;
+                case "assign":
+                    this.markDst(ok.dst, ok.src);
+                    break;
+                case "assign_error":
+                case "assign_null":
+                case "assign_bool":
+                case "assign_int":
+                case "assign_string":
+                case "assign_fn":
+                case "field":
+                case "assign_field":
+                case "index":
+                case "assign_index":
+                case "call_val":
+                case "binary":
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new Error();
+            }
+        }
+        const tk = block.ter.kind;
+        switch (tk.type) {
+            case "error":
+                break;
+            case "return":
+                break;
+            case "jump":
+                break;
+            case "if":
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private markDst(dst: LocalId, src: RValue) {
+        if (src.type !== "local") {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.candidates = this.candidates
+            .filter((cand) => cand.dst !== dst);
+        this.candidates = this.candidates
+            .filter((cand) => cand.src !== dst);
+        this.candidates.push({ dst, src: src.id });
+    }
+}

compiler/middle/elim_transient_vals.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import { Mir, Op, RValue, visitBlockSrcs } from "./mir.ts";
+
+export function eliminateTransientVals(mir: Mir) {
+    for (const fn of mir.fns) {
+        for (const block of fn.blocks) {
+            const cands: { src: RValue; consumer: Op; definition: Op }[] = [];
+
+            visitBlockSrcs(block, (src, op, i) => {
+                if (src.type !== "local") {
+                    return;
+                }
+                const found = block.ops.find((op, fi) =>
+                    op.kind.type === "assign" &&
+                    op.kind.dst === src.id &&
+                    fi < i!
+                );
+                if (!found) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                cands.push({ src, consumer: op!, definition: found! });
+            });
+
+            //console.log(cands);
+
+            for (const { src: oldsrc, consumer, definition } of cands) {
+                if (oldsrc.type !== "local") {
+                    throw new Error();
+                }
+                if (definition.kind.type !== "assign") {
+                    throw new Error();
+                }
+                const src = definition.kind.src;
+
+                const k = consumer.kind;
+                switch (k.type) {
+                    case "error":
+                        break;
+                    case "assign":
+                        k.src = src;
+                        break;
+                    case "field":
+                        if (same(k.subject, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.subject = src;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "assign_field":
+                        if (same(k.subject, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.subject = src;
+                        }
+                        if (same(k.src, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.src = src;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "index":
+                        if (same(k.subject, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.subject = src;
+                        }
+                        if (same(k.index, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.index = src;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "assign_index":
+                        if (same(k.subject, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.subject = src;
+                        }
+                        if (same(k.index, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.index = src;
+                        }
+                        if (same(k.src, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.src = src;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "call_val":
+                        if (same(k.subject, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.subject = src;
+                        }
+                        for (let i = 0; i < k.args.length; ++i) {
+                            if (same(k.args[i], oldsrc)) {
+                                k.args[i] = src;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "binary":
+                        if (same(k.left, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.left = src;
+                        }
+                        if (same(k.right, oldsrc)) {
+                            k.right = src;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function same(a: RValue, b: RValue): boolean {
+    return a.type === "local" && a.type === b.type && a.id === b.id;
+}

compiler/middle/elim_unused_local.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import { FnStmtKind } from "../ast.ts";
+import { Reporter } from "../info.ts";
+import {
+    Block,
+    Fn,
+    LocalId,
+    Mir,
+    RValue,
+    visitBlockDsts,
+    visitBlockSrcs,
+} from "./mir.ts";
+
+export function eliminateUnusedLocals(
+    mir: Mir,
+    reporter: Reporter,
+    isPassOne: boolean,
+) {
+    for (const fn of mir.fns) {
+        new EliminateUnusedLocalsFnPass(fn, reporter, isPassOne).pass();
+    }
+}
+
+class EliminateUnusedLocalsFnPass {
+    private locals: LocalId[];
+
+    public constructor(
+        private fn: Fn,
+        private reporter: Reporter,
+        private isPassOne: boolean,
+    ) {
+        this.locals = this.fn.locals
+            .slice(1 + (fn.stmt.kind as FnStmtKind).params.length)
+            .map((local) => local.id);
+    }
+
+    public pass() {
+        for (const block of this.fn.blocks) {
+            this.markLocalsInBlock(block);
+        }
+        for (const local of this.locals) {
+            for (const block of this.fn.blocks) {
+                this.eliminateLocalInBlock(block, local);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const id of this.locals) {
+            const local = this.fn.locals.find((local) => local.id === id)!;
+            if (local.sym?.type === "let" && this.isPassOne) {
+                this.reporter.reportWarning({
+                    reporter: "analysis mf'er",
+                    msg: `unused let symbol '${local.sym.ident}'`,
+                    pos: local.sym.pos,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        this.fn.locals = this.fn.locals
+            .filter((local) => !this.locals.includes(local.id));
+    }
+
+    private eliminateLocalInBlock(block: Block, local: LocalId) {
+        const elimIndices: number[] = [];
+        visitBlockDsts(block, (dst, i) => {
+            if (dst === local) {
+                elimIndices.push(i);
+            }
+        });
+        for (const i of elimIndices.toReversed()) {
+            block.ops.splice(i, 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private markLocalsInBlock(block: Block) {
+        visitBlockSrcs(block, (src) => this.markUsed(src));
+    }
+
+    private markUsed(local: RValue) {
+        if (local.type !== "local") {
+            return;
+        }
+        this.locals = this.locals.filter((lid) => lid !== local.id);
+    }
+}

compiler/middle/lower_ast.ts

@@ -8,13 +8,17 @@ import {
     Local,
     LocalId,
     Mir,
-    Op,
     OpKind,
+    RValue,
     Ter,
     TerKind,
 } from "./mir.ts";
 
-export class AstLowerer {
+export function lowerAst(ast: Ast.Stmt[]): Mir {
+    return new AstLowerer(ast).lower();
+}
+
+class AstLowerer {
     public constructor(private ast: Ast.Stmt[]) {}
 
     public lower(): Mir {
@@ -29,9 +33,15 @@ export class AstLowerer {
 class LocalAllocator {
     private locals: Local[] = [];
 
-    public alloc(vtype: VType): LocalId {
+    public alloc(vtype: VType, sym?: Ast.Sym): LocalId {
         const id = this.locals.length;
-        this.locals.push({ id, vtype });
+        this.locals.push({ id, mut: false, vtype, sym });
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public allocMut(vtype: VType, sym?: Ast.Sym): LocalId {
+        const id = this.locals.length;
+        this.locals.push({ id, mut: true, vtype, sym });
         return id;
     }
 
@@ -63,19 +73,21 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             throw new Error();
         }
 
-        this.locals.alloc(stmt.kind.vtype!);
+        const rLoc = this.locals.alloc(vtype.returnType);
         for (const param of stmt.kind.params) {
-            const id = this.locals.alloc(param.vtype!);
+            const id = this.locals.allocMut(param.vtype!);
             this.fnParamIndexLocals.set(param.index!, id);
         }
 
-        this.pushBlock("entry");
+        const entry = this.pushBlock();
-        this.lowerBlockExpr(stmt.kind.body);
+        const rVal = this.lowerBlockExpr(stmt.kind.body);
-        this.pushBlock("exit");
+        this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst: rLoc, src: local(rVal) });
+        this.setTer({ type: "return" });
+        const exit = this.currentBlock();
 
         const locals = this.locals.finish();
         const blocks = this.blocks.values().toArray();
-        return { stmt, locals, blocks };
+        return { stmt, locals, blocks, entry, exit };
     }
 
     private lowerStmt(stmt: Ast.Stmt) {
@@ -86,12 +98,12 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             case "mod":
                 break;
             case "break": {
-                const { local, block } = this.breakStack.at(-1)!;
+                const { local: dst, block } = this.breakStack.at(-1)!;
                 if (stmt.kind.expr) {
                     const val = this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.expr);
-                    this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst: local, src: val });
+                    this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src: local(val) });
                 } else {
-                    this.addOp({ type: "assign_null", dst: local });
+                    this.addOp({ type: "assign_null", dst });
                 }
                 this.setTer({ type: "jump", target: block });
                 this.pushBlock();
@@ -110,8 +122,7 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             case "assign":
                 return this.lowerAssign(stmt);
             case "expr": {
-                const val = this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.expr);
+                this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.expr);
-                this.addOp({ type: "drop", val });
                 return;
             }
         }
@@ -125,19 +136,19 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         if (stmt.kind.assignType !== "=") {
             throw new Error("incomplete desugar");
         }
-        const src = this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.value);
+        const src = local(this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.value));
         const s = stmt.kind.subject;
         switch (s.kind.type) {
             case "field": {
-                const subject = this.lowerExpr(s.kind.subject);
+                const subject = local(this.lowerExpr(s.kind.subject));
                 const ident = s.kind.ident;
                 this.addOp({ type: "assign_field", subject, ident, src });
                 return;
             }
             case "index": {
-                const subject = this.lowerExpr(s.kind.subject);
+                const subject = local(this.lowerExpr(s.kind.subject));
-                const index = this.lowerExpr(s.kind.value);
+                const index = local(this.lowerExpr(s.kind.value));
-                this.addOp({ type: "assign_field", subject, index, src });
+                this.addOp({ type: "assign_index", subject, index, src });
                 return;
             }
             case "sym": {
@@ -167,9 +178,12 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         if (stmt.kind.type !== "let") {
             throw new Error();
         }
-        const src = this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.value);
+        const srcId = this.lowerExpr(stmt.kind.value);
-        const dst = this.locals.alloc(stmt.kind.param.vtype!);
+        const dst = this.locals.allocMut(
-        this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src });
+            stmt.kind.param.vtype!,
+            stmt.kind.param.sym!,
+        );
+        this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src: local(srcId) });
         this.letStmtIdLocals.set(stmt.id, dst);
     }
 
@@ -177,30 +191,34 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         switch (expr.kind.type) {
             case "error": {
                 const dst = this.locals.alloc({ type: "error" });
-                this.addOp({ type: "assign_error", dst });
+                this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src: { type: "error" } });
                 return dst;
             }
             case "null": {
                 const dst = this.locals.alloc({ type: "null" });
-                this.addOp({ type: "assign_null", dst });
+                this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src: { type: "null" } });
                 return dst;
             }
             case "bool": {
                 const val = expr.kind.value;
                 const dst = this.locals.alloc({ type: "bool" });
-                this.addOp({ type: "assign_bool", dst, val });
+                this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src: { type: "bool", val } });
                 return dst;
             }
             case "int": {
                 const val = expr.kind.value;
                 const dst = this.locals.alloc({ type: "int" });
-                this.addOp({ type: "assign_int", dst, val });
+                this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst, src: { type: "int", val } });
                 return dst;
             }
             case "string": {
                 const val = expr.kind.value;
                 const dst = this.locals.alloc({ type: "string" });
-                this.addOp({ type: "assign_string", dst, val });
+                this.addOp({
+                    type: "assign",
+                    dst,
+                    src: { type: "string", val },
+                });
                 return dst;
             }
             case "ident":
@@ -274,7 +292,7 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             throw new Error();
         }
         const ident = expr.kind.ident;
-        const subject = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.subject);
+        const subject = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.subject));
 
         const subjectVType = expr.kind.subject.vtype!;
         if (subjectVType.type !== "struct") {
@@ -296,8 +314,8 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         if (expr.kind.type !== "index") {
             throw new Error();
         }
-        const subject = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.subject);
+        const subject = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.subject));
-        const index = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.value);
+        const index = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.value));
 
         const dstVType = ((): VType => {
             const outer = expr.kind.subject.vtype!;
@@ -320,9 +338,9 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             throw new Error();
         }
 
-        const args = expr.kind.args.map((arg) => this.lowerExpr(arg));
+        const args = expr.kind.args.map((arg) => local(this.lowerExpr(arg)));
 
-        const subject = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.subject);
+        const subject = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.subject));
 
         const subjectVType = expr.kind.subject.vtype!;
         if (subjectVType.type !== "fn") {
@@ -346,8 +364,8 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         //const vtype = leftVType.type === "error" && rightVType || leftVType;
 
         const binaryType = expr.kind.binaryType;
-        const left = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.left);
+        const left = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.left));
-        const right = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.right);
+        const right = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.right));
 
         const dst = this.locals.alloc(expr.vtype!);
 
@@ -364,19 +382,19 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             throw new Error();
         }
         const condBlock = this.currentBlock();
-        const cond = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.cond);
+        const cond = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.cond));
         const end = this.reserveBlock();
 
         const val = this.locals.alloc(expr.vtype!);
 
         const truthy = this.pushBlock();
-        const truthyVal = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.truthy);
+        const truthyVal = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.truthy));
         this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst: val, src: truthyVal });
         this.setTer({ type: "jump", target: end });
 
         if (expr.kind.falsy) {
             const falsy = this.pushBlock();
-            const falsyVal = this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.falsy);
+            const falsyVal = local(this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.falsy));
             this.addOp({ type: "assign", dst: val, src: falsyVal });
             this.setTer({ type: "jump", target: end });
 
@@ -385,6 +403,8 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
             this.setTerOn(condBlock, { type: "if", cond, truthy, falsy: end });
         }
 
+        this.pushBlockWithId(end);
+
         return val;
     }
 
@@ -397,8 +417,9 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         const breakBlock = this.reserveBlock();
         this.breakStack.push({ local: val, block: breakBlock });
 
+        const before = this.currentBlock();
         const body = this.pushBlock();
-        this.setTer({ type: "jump", target: body });
+        this.setTerOn(before, { type: "jump", target: body });
 
         this.lowerExpr(expr.kind.body);
         this.setTer({ type: "jump", target: body });
@@ -457,13 +478,18 @@ class FnAstLowerer {
         this.blockIdCounter += 1;
         const ter: Ter = { kind: { type: "error" } };
         this.blocks.set(id, { id, ops: [], ter, label });
+        this.currentBlockId = id;
         return id;
     }
 
     private pushBlockWithId(id: BlockId): BlockId {
-        this.blockIdCounter += 1;
         const ter: Ter = { kind: { type: "error" } };
         this.blocks.set(id, { id, ops: [], ter });
+        this.currentBlockId = id;
         return id;
     }
 }
+
+function local(id: LocalId): RValue {
+    return { type: "local", id };
+}

compiler/middle/mir.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { BinaryType, Stmt } from "../ast.ts";
+import { BinaryType, Stmt, Sym } from "../ast.ts";
 import { VType, vtypeToString } from "../vtype.ts";
 
 export type Mir = {
@@ -9,13 +9,17 @@ export type Fn = {
     stmt: Stmt;
     locals: Local[];
     blocks: Block[];
+    entry: BlockId;
+    exit: BlockId;
 };
 
 export type LocalId = number;
 
 export type Local = {
     id: LocalId;
+    mut: boolean;
     vtype: VType;
+    sym?: Sym;
 };
 
 export type BlockId = number;
@@ -32,24 +36,17 @@ export type Op = {
 };
 
 type L = LocalId;
+type R = RValue;
 
 export type OpKind =
     | { type: "error" }
-    | { type: "return" }
+    | { type: "assign"; dst: L; src: R }
-    | { type: "drop"; val: L }
+    | { type: "field"; dst: L; subject: R; ident: string }
-    | { type: "assign"; dst: L; src: L }
+    | { type: "assign_field"; subject: R; ident: string; src: R }
-    | { type: "assign_error"; dst: L }
+    | { type: "index"; dst: L; subject: R; index: R }
-    | { type: "assign_null"; dst: L }
+    | { type: "assign_index"; subject: R; index: R; src: R }
-    | { type: "assign_bool"; dst: L; val: boolean }
+    | { type: "call_val"; dst: L; subject: R; args: R[] }
-    | { type: "assign_int"; dst: L; val: number }
+    | { type: "binary"; binaryType: BinaryType; dst: L; left: R; right: R };
-    | { type: "assign_string"; dst: L; val: string }
-    | { type: "assign_fn"; dst: L; stmt: Stmt }
-    | { type: "field"; dst: L; subject: L; ident: string }
-    | { type: "assign_field"; subject: L; ident: string; src: L }
-    | { type: "index"; dst: L; subject: L; index: number }
-    | { type: "assign_field"; subject: L; index: L; src: L }
-    | { type: "call_val"; dst: L; subject: L; args: L[] }
-    | { type: "binary"; binaryType: BinaryType; dst: L; left: L; right: L };
 
 export type Ter = {
     kind: TerKind;
@@ -57,8 +54,158 @@ export type Ter = {
 
 export type TerKind =
     | { type: "error" }
+    | { type: "return" }
     | { type: "jump"; target: BlockId }
-    | { type: "if"; cond: L; truthy: BlockId; falsy: BlockId };
+    | { type: "if"; cond: R; truthy: BlockId; falsy: BlockId };
+
+export type RValue =
+    | { type: "error" }
+    | { type: "local"; id: BlockId }
+    | { type: "null" }
+    | { type: "bool"; val: boolean }
+    | { type: "int"; val: number }
+    | { type: "string"; val: string }
+    | { type: "fn"; stmt: Stmt };
+
+export function visitBlockDsts(
+    block: Block,
+    visit: (local: LocalId, index: number) => void,
+) {
+    for (const [op, i] of block.ops.map((v, i) => [v, i] as const)) {
+        const ok = op.kind;
+        switch (ok.type) {
+            case "error":
+                break;
+            case "assign":
+            case "field":
+            case "index":
+            case "call_val":
+            case "binary":
+                visit(ok.dst, i);
+                break;
+            case "assign_field":
+            case "assign_index":
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new Error();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+export function replaceBlockSrcs(
+    block: Block,
+    replace: (src: RValue) => RValue,
+) {
+    for (const op of block.ops) {
+        const ok = op.kind;
+        switch (ok.type) {
+            case "error":
+                break;
+            case "assign":
+                ok.src = replace(ok.src);
+                break;
+            case "field":
+                ok.subject = replace(ok.subject);
+                break;
+            case "assign_field":
+                ok.subject = replace(ok.subject);
+                ok.src = replace(ok.src);
+                break;
+            case "index":
+                ok.subject = replace(ok.subject);
+                ok.index = replace(ok.index);
+                break;
+            case "assign_index":
+                ok.subject = replace(ok.subject);
+                ok.index = replace(ok.index);
+                ok.src = replace(ok.src);
+                break;
+            case "call_val":
+                ok.subject = replace(ok.subject);
+                ok.args = ok.args.map((arg) => replace(arg));
+                break;
+            case "binary":
+                ok.left = replace(ok.left);
+                ok.right = replace(ok.right);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new Error();
+        }
+    }
+    const tk = block.ter.kind;
+    switch (tk.type) {
+        case "error":
+            break;
+        case "return":
+            break;
+        case "jump":
+            break;
+        case "if":
+            tk.cond = replace(tk.cond);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+export function visitBlockSrcs(
+    block: Block,
+    visitor: (src: RValue, op?: Op, index?: number, ter?: Ter) => void,
+) {
+    for (const [op, i] of block.ops.map((v, i) => [v, i] as const)) {
+        const ok = op.kind;
+        switch (ok.type) {
+            case "error":
+                break;
+            case "assign":
+                visitor(ok.src, op, i);
+                break;
+            case "field":
+                visitor(ok.subject, op, i);
+                break;
+            case "assign_field":
+                visitor(ok.subject, op, i);
+                visitor(ok.src, op, i);
+                break;
+            case "index":
+                visitor(ok.subject, op, i);
+                visitor(ok.index, op, i);
+                break;
+            case "assign_index":
+                visitor(ok.subject, op, i);
+                visitor(ok.index, op, i);
+                visitor(ok.src, op, i);
+                break;
+            case "call_val":
+                visitor(ok.subject, op, i);
+                ok.args.map((arg) => visitor(arg, op, i));
+                break;
+            case "binary":
+                visitor(ok.left, op, i);
+                visitor(ok.right, op, i);
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new Error();
+        }
+    }
+    const tk = block.ter.kind;
+    switch (tk.type) {
+        case "error":
+            break;
+        case "return":
+            break;
+        case "jump":
+            break;
+        case "if":
+            visitor(tk.cond, undefined, undefined, block.ter);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+export function mirOpCount(mir: Mir): number {
+    return mir.fns
+        .reduce((acc, fn) =>
+            acc + fn.blocks
+                .reduce((acc, block) => acc + block.ops.length + 1, 0), 0);
+}
 
 export function printMir(mir: Mir) {
     for (const fn of mir.fns) {
@@ -66,7 +213,7 @@ export function printMir(mir: Mir) {
         if (stmt.kind.type !== "fn") {
             throw new Error();
         }
-        const name = stmt.kind.ident;
+        const name = stmt.kind.sym!.fullPath;
 
         const vtype = stmt.kind.vtype;
         if (vtype?.type !== "fn") {
@@ -75,78 +222,106 @@ export function printMir(mir: Mir) {
         const generics = vtype.genericParams
             ?.map(({ ident }) => `${ident}`).join(", ") ?? "";
         const params = vtype.params
-            .map(({ vtype }, i) =>
+            .map(({ mut, vtype }, i) =>
-                `_${fn.locals[i + 1].id}: ${vtypeToString(vtype)}`
+                `${mut && "mut" || ""} _${fn.locals[i + 1].id}: ${
+                    vtypeToString(vtype)
+                }`
             )
             .join(", ");
         const returnType = vtypeToString(vtype.returnType);
-        console.log(`${name}${generics}(${params}) -> ${returnType}:`);
+        console.log(`${name}${generics}(${params}) -> ${returnType} {`);
-        for (const { id, vtype } of fn.locals) {
+
-            console.log(`    let _${id}: ${vtypeToString(vtype)};`);
+        const paramIndices = vtype.params.map((_v, i) => i + 1);
+        for (
+            const { id, vtype, mut } of fn.locals
+                .filter((_v, i) => !paramIndices.includes(i))
+        ) {
+            const m = mut ? "mut" : "";
+            const v = vtypeToString(vtype);
+            console.log(`    let ${m} _${id}: ${v};`);
         }
         for (const block of fn.blocks) {
-            console.log(`.${block.label ?? block.id}:`);
+            const l = (msg: string) => console.log(`        ${msg}`);
+            const r = rvalueToString;
+
+            console.log(`    ${block.label ?? "bb" + block.id}: {`);
             for (const op of block.ops) {
                 const k = op.kind;
                 switch (k.type) {
                     case "error":
-                        console.log(`    <error>;`);
+                        l(`<error>;`);
-                        break;
-                    case "return":
-                        console.log(`    return;`);
-                        break;
-                    case "drop":
-                        console.log(`    drop _${k.val};`);
                         break;
                     case "assign":
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = _${k.src};`);
+                        l(`_${k.dst} = ${r(k.src)};`);
                         break;
-                    case "assign_error":
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = <error>;`);
-                        break;
-                    case "assign_null":
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = null;`);
-                        break;
-                    case "assign_bool":
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = ${k.val};`);
-                        break;
-                    case "assign_int":
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = ${k.val};`);
-                        break;
-                    case "assign_string":
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = "${k.val}";`);
-                        break;
-                    case "assign_fn": {
-                        const stmt = k.stmt;
-                        if (stmt.kind.type !== "fn") {
-                            throw new Error();
-                        }
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = ${stmt.kind.ident};`);
-                        break;
-                    }
                     case "field":
-                        console.log(
+                        l(`_${k.dst} = ${r(k.subject)}.${k.ident};`);
-                            `    _${k.dst} = _${k.subject}.${k.ident};`,
+                        break;
-                        );
+                    case "assign_field":
+                        l(`${r(k.subject)}.${k.ident} = ${r(k.src)};`);
                         break;
                     case "index":
-                        console.log(
+                        l(`_${k.dst} = ${r(k.subject)}[${r(k.index)}];`);
-                            `    _${k.dst} = _${k.subject}[_${k.index}];`,
+                        break;
-                        );
+                    case "assign_index":
+                        l(`${r(k.subject)}[${r(k.index)}] = ${r(k.src)};`);
                         break;
                     case "call_val": {
-                        const args = k.args.map((arg) => `_${arg}`).join(", ");
+                        const args = k.args.map((arg) => r(arg)).join(", ");
-                        console.log(`    _${k.dst} = _${k.subject}(${args});`);
+                        l(`_${k.dst} = call ${r(k.subject)}(${args});`);
                         break;
                     }
                     case "binary": {
-                        console.log(
+                        l(`_${k.dst} = ${r(k.left)} ${k.binaryType} ${
-                            `    _${k.dst} = _${k.left} ${k.binaryType} _${k.right};`,
+                            r(k.right)
-                        );
+                        };`);
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
+            const tk = block.ter.kind;
+            switch (tk.type) {
+                case "error":
+                    l(`<error>;`);
+                    break;
+                case "return":
+                    l(`return;`);
+                    break;
+                case "jump":
+                    l(`jump bb${tk.target};`);
+                    break;
+                case "if":
+                    l(`if ${
+                        r(tk.cond)
+                    }, true: bb${tk.truthy}, false: bb${tk.falsy};`);
+                    break;
+            }
+            console.log("    }");
+        }
+        console.log("}");
+    }
+}
+
+export function rvalueToString(rvalue: RValue): string {
+    switch (rvalue.type) {
+        case "error":
+            return `<error>`;
+        case "local":
+            return `_${rvalue.id}`;
+        case "null":
+            return "null";
+        case "bool":
+            return `${rvalue.val}`;
+        case "int":
+            return `${rvalue.val}`;
+        case "string":
+            return `"${rvalue.val}"`;
+        case "fn": {
+            const stmt = rvalue.stmt;
+            if (stmt.kind.type !== "fn") {
+                throw new Error();
+            }
+            return stmt.kind.sym!.fullPath;
         }
     }
 }

compiler/parser.ts

@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ export class Parser {
             return [];
         }
         elems.push(elemRes.value);
+        i += 1;
         while (this.test(delimiter)) {
             this.step();
             if (this.test(endToken)) {
@@ -375,6 +376,7 @@ export class Parser {
                 return [];
             }
             elems.push(elemRes.value);
+            i += 1;
         }
         if (!this.test(endToken)) {
             this.report(`expected '${endToken}'`);

compiler/resolver.ts

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
     }
 
     public resolve(stmts: Stmt[]): VisitRes {
-        const syms = new EntryModSyms();
+        const syms = new EntryModSyms("root");
         this.scout(stmts, syms);
         visitStmts(stmts, this, syms);
         return "stop";
@@ -37,9 +37,10 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
                     return;
                 }
                 const ident = stmt.kind.ident;
-                syms.define(ident, {
+                stmt.kind.sym = syms.define(ident, {
                     ident: stmt.kind.ident,
                     type: "fn",
+                    fullPath: `${syms.pathString()}::${ident}`,
                     pos: stmt.pos,
                     stmt,
                 });
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
                 syms.define(ident, {
                     ident,
                     type: "type_alias",
+                    fullPath: `${syms.pathString()}::${ident}`,
                     pos: stmt.kind.param.pos,
                     stmt,
                     param: stmt.kind.param,
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
         if (stmt.kind.type !== "mod") {
             throw new Error("expected let statement");
         }
-        const modSyms = new ModSyms(syms);
+        const modSyms = new ModSyms(syms, stmt.kind.ident);
         const { mod, ident } = stmt.kind;
         this.scout(mod.ast, modSyms);
         visitStmts(mod.ast, this, modSyms);
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
         syms.define(ident, {
             type: "mod",
             ident,
+            fullPath: `${syms.pathString()}::${ident}`,
             pos: stmt.pos,
             syms: modSyms,
         });
@@ -93,9 +96,10 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
             this.reportAlreadyDefined(ident, stmt.pos, syms);
             return;
         }
-        syms.define(ident, {
+        stmt.kind.param.sym = syms.define(ident, {
             ident,
             type: "let",
+            fullPath: ident,
             pos: stmt.kind.param.pos,
             stmt,
             param: stmt.kind.param,
@@ -123,6 +127,7 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
             fnScopeSyms.define(param.ident, {
                 ident: param.ident,
                 type: "generic",
+                fullPath: param.ident,
                 pos: param.pos,
                 stmt,
                 genericParam: param,
@@ -137,6 +142,7 @@ export class Resolver implements AstVisitor<[Syms]> {
             fnScopeSyms.define(param.ident, {
                 ident: param.ident,
                 type: "fn_param",
+                fullPath: param.ident,
                 pos: param.pos,
                 param,
             });

compiler/resolver_syms.ts

@@ -5,25 +5,28 @@ export type SymMap = { [ident: string]: Sym };
 type GetRes = { ok: true; sym: Sym } | { ok: false };
 
 export interface Syms {
-    define(ident: string, sym: Sym): void;
+    define(ident: string, sym: Sym): Sym;
     definedLocally(ident: string): boolean;
     get(ident: string): GetRes;
+    getPub(ident: string): GetRes;
+    rootMod(): Sym;
+    pathString(): string;
 }
 
 export class EntryModSyms implements Syms {
     private syms: SymMap = {};
 
-    public constructor() {}
+    public constructor(private modName: string) {}
 
-    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym) {
+    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym): Sym {
         if (sym.type === "let") {
-            this.define(ident, {
+            return this.define(ident, {
                 ...sym,
                 type: "let_static",
             });
-            return;
         }
         this.syms[ident] = sym;
+        return sym;
     }
 
     public definedLocally(ident: string): boolean {
@@ -36,28 +39,48 @@ export class EntryModSyms implements Syms {
         }
         return { ok: false };
     }
+
+    public getPub(ident: string): GetRes {
+        if (ident in this.syms) {
+            return { ok: true, sym: this.syms[ident] };
+        }
+        return { ok: false };
+    }
+
+    public rootMod(): Sym {
+        return {
+            type: "mod",
+            ident: this.modName,
+            fullPath: this.modName,
+            syms: this,
+        };
+    }
+
+    public pathString(): string {
+        return this.modName;
+    }
 }
 
 export class ModSyms implements Syms {
     private syms: SymMap = {};
 
-    public constructor(private parent: Syms) {
+    public constructor(private parent: Syms, private modName: string) {
         this.syms["super"] = {
             type: "mod",
             ident: "super",
+            fullPath: this.pathString(),
             syms: this.parent,
         };
     }
 
-    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym) {
+    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym): Sym {
         if (sym.type === "let") {
-            this.define(ident, {
+            return this.define(ident, {
                 ...sym,
                 type: "let_static",
             });
-            return;
         }
-        this.syms[ident] = sym;
+        return this.syms[ident] = sym;
     }
 
     public definedLocally(ident: string): boolean {
@@ -70,6 +93,21 @@ export class ModSyms implements Syms {
         }
         return { ok: false };
     }
+
+    public getPub(ident: string): GetRes {
+        if (ident in this.syms) {
+            return { ok: true, sym: this.syms[ident] };
+        }
+        return { ok: false };
+    }
+
+    public rootMod(): Sym {
+        return this.parent.rootMod();
+    }
+
+    public pathString(): string {
+        return `${this.parent.pathString()}::${this.modName}`;
+    }
 }
 
 export class FnSyms implements Syms {
@@ -77,16 +115,16 @@ export class FnSyms implements Syms {
 
     public constructor(private parent: Syms) {}
 
-    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym) {
+    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym): Sym {
         if (sym.type === "let") {
-            this.define(ident, {
+            return this.define(ident, {
                 ...sym,
                 type: "closure",
                 inner: sym,
             });
-            return;
         }
         this.syms[ident] = sym;
+        return sym;
     }
 
     public definedLocally(ident: string): boolean {
@@ -99,6 +137,21 @@ export class FnSyms implements Syms {
         }
         return this.parent.get(ident);
     }
+
+    public getPub(ident: string): GetRes {
+        if (ident in this.syms) {
+            return { ok: true, sym: this.syms[ident] };
+        }
+        return { ok: false };
+    }
+
+    public rootMod(): Sym {
+        return this.parent.rootMod();
+    }
+
+    public pathString(): string {
+        return this.parent.pathString();
+    }
 }
 
 export class LeafSyms implements Syms {
@@ -106,8 +159,9 @@ export class LeafSyms implements Syms {
 
     public constructor(private parent: Syms) {}
 
-    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym) {
+    public define(ident: string, sym: Sym): Sym {
         this.syms[ident] = sym;
+        return sym;
     }
 
     public definedLocally(ident: string): boolean {
@@ -120,4 +174,19 @@ export class LeafSyms implements Syms {
         }
         return this.parent.get(ident);
     }
+
+    public getPub(ident: string): GetRes {
+        if (ident in this.syms) {
+            return { ok: true, sym: this.syms[ident] };
+        }
+        return { ok: false };
+    }
+
+    public rootMod(): Sym {
+        return this.parent.rootMod();
+    }
+
+    public pathString(): string {
+        return this.parent.pathString();
+    }
 }

compiler/vtype.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export type VType =
 
 export type VTypeParam = {
     ident: string;
+    mut: boolean;
     vtype: VType;
 };
 

examples/transient_variable.slg

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// mod std;
+
+fn black_box(v: int) {  }
+
+fn add(a: int, b: int) -> int {
+    let s = a + b;
+    if false {}
+    s
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a = 5;
+
+    loop {
+        a = 3;
+    }
+
+    let b = a;
+    let c = b;
+
+    black_box(b);
+}

examples/unused_variable.slg

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+// mod std;
+
+fn main() {
+    let a = 5;
+    let b = a;
+}